英文专业毕业论文(汇总4篇)

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英语毕业论文【第一篇】

:DefinitionofStylisticsandStylisticAnalysis

Asfarasthedefinitionofstylisticsis“thestudyofstyle”(1989:437),whileWiddowsonprovidesamoreinformativedefinitionas“thestudyofliterarydiscoursefromalinguisticorientation”andtakes“aviewthatwhatdistinguishesstylisticsfromliterarycriticismontheonehandandlinguisticsontheotheristhatitisessentiallyameansoflinkingthetwo”(1975:3).“studyoftheuseoflanguageinliterature”(1969:1)andconsidersstylisticsa“meeting-groundoflinguisticsandliterarystudy”(1969:2).FromwhatWiddowsonandLeechsay,wecanseethatstylisticsisanareaofstudythatstraddlestwodisciplines:(text)asitsobjectofstudyanduseslinguisticsasameanstothatend.

Stylisticanalysisisgenerallyconcernedwiththeuniquenessofatext;thatis,whatitisthatispeSys,“Thetextmaybeseenas‘this’incontrastwith‘that’,withanotherpoemoranothernovel;stylisticsstudiesareessentiallycomparativeinnature…”(1971:341).Onthispoints,:“Allliteraryappreciationiscomparative,asindeedisarecognitionofstylesingeneral”(1975:84).Thus,wemayconcludethatstylisticanalysisisanactivitythatishighlycomparativeinnature.

MartinLutherKing,,1929inAtlanta,Georgia,,,,whichbroughttogethermorethan200,,,Tennessee,in1968,,hehasbecomeanAmericanfolkhero,andonNovember2,1983,,effectiveJanuary1986,

In1863PresidentAbrahamLincolnissuedtheEmancipationProclamationfreeinga,however,thelifeofblackswasstill“sadlycrippledbythemanaclesofseGREgationandtheChainsdiscrimination.”OnAugust28,1963,aquarterofmillionpeopleofallracescametoWashington,,toshowtheirsupportforfreedomandjusticeforallAmericans,,MartinLutherKing,,widelyregardedasthemosteloquentstatementoftheblackpeople’,,“Ihaveadream”thatequalitywouldcome“toallofGod’schildren.”Hesaidhewantedeveryonetobeableto“joinhandsandsinginthewordsoftheoldNegrospiritual,‘Freeatlast!Freeatlast!…’”

(Ananalysisofsomeofthestylisticdevicesusedinthespeech)

MartinLutherKing’sspeechofAugust28,1963iswid,(whichmaybeconsideredtraditionallyasrhetoricaldevices)usedbyDrKingtoinspireandpersuade.

:

Throughoutthespeech,ainpreviousunitinatextsuchasaword,phraseorevenasentence(Leech,1969),because,repetitionnotonlymakesiteasyfortheaudiencetofollowwhatthespeakerissaying,butal,forexample,Kingusesthewords“Ihaveadream”dthefunctionofreinforcementinmoodandemotion,expressingthespeaker’sstrongemotionoflongingforfreedom,justice,righteousnessandamuchmoreunitednationofallofGod’schildren.

Ifwestudythewholespeechmorecarefully,itiseasyforustofindmanyotherexamplesofrepetitionused.

①Butonehundredyearslater,wemustfacethetragicfac,thelifeoftheNegro.

②isstillsadlycrippledbythemanaclesofseGREgationand,theNegrolivesonalonelyislandofpovertyinthemidstofava,theNegroisstilllanguishinginthecornersofAmericansocietyandfindshimselfanexileinhisownland.

Herethephrase“onehundredyearslater”hasbeenrepeatedthreetimes,seeminglyindicatingthatitisreallyalongtimefortheNegrotowaitforthecomingofthetimeofjusticeandrighteousness.

②fopportunityofthisnation.()

thephrase“werefusetobelievethat…”hasbeenusedtwicetoindicatethespeaker’sgoodhope.

③Nowisthetimetomaker’()

Inthisshortpassage,theclause“Nowisthetimeto…”hasbeenusedfourtimestoemphasizethefierceurgencyof“NOW”andtoencourageandpersuadetheblackstotakeimmediateactiontoriseaboveandgaintheirownrightsandfreedom.

Ot,thewords“wecannever/cannotbesatisfiedaslongas…”hasbeenusedasmanyasfivetimestoshowthedeterminationandpersistenceoftheblackpeople;,thewords“withthefaithwewillbeableto…”hasbeenrepeatedtwiceforthepurposeofshowinghowstrongthefaithoftheblackpeopleistostruggleforthebrotherhoodof“allofGod’schildren”,andhowstrongthefaithoftheblackpeopleistobelievethatthey“willbefreeoneday”。Nowlet’senjoyanotherexample.

④!LetfreedomringfromtheheighteningAllegheniesofPennsylvania!

LetfreedomringfromthesnowcappedRockiesofColorado!

LetfreedomringfromthecurvaceousslopesofCalifornia!

Butnotonlythat;letfreedomringfromStoneMountainofGeorgia!

LetfreedomringfromLookoutMountainofTennessee.

,letfreedomring.

Whenweletfreedomring,whenweletitringfromeveryvillageandeveryhamlet,fromeverystateandeverycity…(Paragraphs19through25)

thewords“LetFreedomring…”hasbeenrepeatedasmanyasninetimestoindicatethatitisthewholeoftheUnitedStatesratherthananypartofitthatshouldbebathedinthesunshineoffreedom.

soluteduplication,it“requiressomevariablefeatureofthepattern-somecontrastingelementswhichare‘parallel’withrespecttotheirpositioninthepattern”(Leech,1969:66).Toputitsimply,parallelismmeansthebalancingofsentenceelemen,balancenounswithnouns,verbswithverbs,prepositionalphraseswithprepositionalphrases,clauseswithclauses,andsoforth.

Inhisspeech,MartinLutherKinguses:

⑤…bythemanaclesofseGREgationandthechainsofdiscrimination…(,twoparallelnounphrases)

⑥“Thisisnotimetoengageintheluxuryofcoolingoffortotakethetranquilizingdragofgradualism.”(,twoparallelinfinitivephrases:“toengage…totake…”)

⑦“therewillbeneitherrestnortranquilityinAmerica…”(,twoparallelnounsjoinedwith“neither…nor”)

⑧“Weshallneverbesatisfiedaslongasourchildrenarestrippedoftheirselfhoodandrobbedoftheirdignity…”(,twoparallelverbphrases)

Itistraditionallybelievedthatparallelismisusedforthepurposeofemphasizingandenhancing,,theideasexpressedbythespeaker(orauthorinwrittenversions),musedinKing’sspeechandclassifiedasisfollowed:

:

⑨Thisnotwasapromisethatallmenwouldbeguaranteedtheinalienablerightsoflife,libertyandthepursuitofhappiness.(,threeparallelnounsasattributive)

⑩1963isnotanend,butabeginning(,twoparallelnounsjoinedwith“not…but…”)

⑾Againandagainwemustrisetothemajesticheightsofmeetingphysicalforcewithsoulforce.()

⑿…havecometorealizethattheirdestinyistiedupwithourdestinyandtheirfreedomisinextricablyboundtoourfreedom.(,twopairsofparallelnouns).

⒀Isaytoyoutoday,myfriends,thatinspiteofthedifficultiesandfrustrationsofthemoment…()

⒁…adesertstateswelteringwiththeheatofinjusticeandoppression,willbetransformedintoanoasisoffreedomandjustice.(,twopairsofparallelnouns).

:

⒂Sowehavetocametocashthischeck-acheckthatwillgiveasupondemandtherichesoffreedomandThesecurityofjustice.()

⒃IhaveadreamthatonedayontheredhillsofGeorgiathesonsofformerslavesandthesonsofformerslave-ownerswillbeabletositdowntogetheratthetableofbrotherhood()

:

⒄ItwouldbefetalforthenationtooverlooktheurgencyofthemomentandtounderestimatethedeterminationoftheNegro.(,twoparallelinfinitivephrases)

⒅Withthisfaith,wewillbeabletoworktogether,topraytogether,tostraggletogether,togotojailtogether,tostandupforfreedomtogether,knowingthatwewillbefreeoneday.(,fiveparallelinfinitivephrases).

⒆Ihaveadreamthatmyfourlittlechildrenwillonedayliveinanationwheretheywillnotbejudgedbythecoloroftheirskinbutbythecontentoftheircharacter.()

⒇…,whenweletitringfromeveryvillageandeveryhamlet,fromeverystateandeverycity,…()

:

(21)…,havecometorealizethattheirdestinyistiedupwithourdestinyand(that)theirfreedomisinextricablyboundtourfreedom.(,twoparallelobjectiveclause)

(22)Ihaveadreamthatonedayeveryvalleyshallbeexalted,everyhillandmountainshallbemadelow,theroughplacewillbemadeplain,andthecrookedplaceswillbemadestraight,andthegloryoftheLordshallberevealed,andallfleshshallseeittogether.(,sixparallelclausesusedasappositionsofthenoun“dream”).

Astwoveryimportanttypesofmeaningtransferenceinliterature,similesandmetaphorsarecomparisonsthatshowsimilaritiesinthingsthatarebasicallydifferent,,metaphorisassociatedwithaparticularruleoftransferencewhichmaybecalledthe“metaphoricrule”(1969:151).Thatis,thefigurativemeaningisderivedfromtheliteralmeaningoritis,asitwere,theliteralmeaning.

Throughoutthespeech,,forexample,KingcomparesTheEmancipat“ajoyousdaybreak”-comparesittothesunrise,which(inthiscase)ends“thelongnightofcaptivity”。Inparagraph2,hespeaksof“themanaclesofseGREgationandthechainsofdiscrimination,”comparingsegregationanddiscriminationund,itisveryclearthattheusingofsimilesandmetaphorscandefinitelyaddvividnessandvitalitytowritingandmakeiteasyforthereadersoraudiencetounderstand.

Nowlet’scitesomeofthesimilesandmetaphorsusedinKing’sspeech.

(23)Onehundredyearslater,theNegrolivesonalonelyislandofpovertyinthemidstofavastoceanofmaterialprosperity.(,metaphors)

(24)fopportunityforthisnation(,metaphors)

(25)Thisisnotime…totakethetranquilizingdragofgradualism.(,metaphor)

(26)ThisswelteringsummeroftheNegro’slegitimatediscontentwillnotpassuntilthereisaninvigoratingautumnoffreedomandequality.(,Metaphors)

(27)…wewillnotbesatisfieduntiljusticerollsdownlikewatersandrighteousnesslikeamightystream.(,Similes)

(28)…asituationwherelittleblackboysandblackgirlswillbeabletojoinhandswithwhiteboysandwhitegirlsandwalktogetherassistersandbrothers.(,Similes)

Althoughmaybearhetoricaldeviceinsteadofastylisticone,contrasthasalsobeenusedeffectively,likerepetition,inthisspeech,,forexample,“GREatbeaconlightofhope”iscontrastedwith“flamesofwitheringinjustice,”and“joyousdaybreak”withlongnightofcaptivity.”

Asitisdefined,,itisnotverydifficultforustounderstandwhythespeakerkingusessomanycontrastsinhisspeech.

(29)Onehundredyearslater,theNegrolivesonalonelyislandofpovertyinthemidstofavastoceanofmaterialprosperity.()

(30)NowisthetimetorisefromthedarkanddesolatevalleyofseGREgationtothesunlitpathofracialjustice.()

(31)Nowisthetimetoliftournationfromthequicksandsofracialinjusticetothesolidrockofbrotherhood()

(32)ThisswelteringsummeroftheNegro’slegitimatediscontentwillnotpassuntilthereisaninvigoratingautumnoffreedomandequality.()

(33)1963isnotanend,butabeginning.()

(34)Againandagainwemustrisetothemajesticheightofmeetingphysicalforcewithsoulforce.()

(35)Andaswewalk,()

(36)…thesonsofformerslavesandthesonsofformerslave-ownerswillbeabletositdowntogetheratthetableofbrotherhood.()

(37)…adesertstateswelteringwiththeheatofinjusticeandoppression,willbetransformedintoanoasisoffreedomandjustice.()

(38)…wheretheywillnotbejudgedbythecoloroftheirskinbutbythecontentoftheircharacter.()

(39)Withthisfaithwewillbeabletohewoutofthemountainofdespairastoneofhope.()

(40)Withthisfaithwewillbeabletotransformthejanglingdiscordsofournationintoabeautifulsymphonyofbrotherhood.

Aswehaveanalyzedabove,stylisticdevicesarefrequentlyusedinthediscourseofliteraryworksespeciallyinspeech,

Generallyspeaking,aspeechmayhavethefollowingstylisticcharacteristics:

Tobeginwith,,withrepetitions,parallelismandcontrastsfrequentlyused.

Secondly,itshouldbeemotionalsoastobeconvincing,becausethespeakershouldfacetheaudiencedirectlyandhiswordsshou,thestylisticdevicessuchassimilesandmetaphorsareofteninvolved.

Finally,inmanycases,written-conversationalstyleisusuallyusedwithnotveryformaldictionandnotverycomplicatedsentencestructure.

Bibliography:

[1].MartinLutherKing,Jr.,IHaveaDream,August28,1963

[2].WangShouyuan,EssentialsofEnglishStylistics,ShandongUniversityPress,July,2000

[3].PanShaozhang,EnglishRhetoricandWriting,ShanghaiTransportationUniversityPress,December,1998

[4].Widdowson,,Longman,1975

[5].Leech,“‘ThisbreadIbreak’Languageandinterpretation”。(ed.).Ling:Holt,Rinhart&Winston.

Acknowledgements:

’dlikefirsttogivemygratetomydearteacher,,whogenerouslygavemehis’dliketogivemymanythankstomyclassmateswhohelpedmealotwithmyinformationcollectingandpaper-,IwanttogivemythankstomymotheruniversityandalltheteachersintheEnglishCollege,whoeducatedandcultivatedmetobeaqualifiedteacherinthefuture.

英语专业大学毕业论文【第二篇】

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3.促进西部少数民族地区教育发展的政府责任文忠长,WENZhong-chang

4.我国高等教育强国建设面临的问题与战略取向于凤银,吕福军,YUFeng-yin,LVFu-jun

5.地区间农村小学教育均等化财政转移支付模型——基于财政能力和财政需求的视角刘亮,胡德仁,LIULiang,HUDe-ren

6.晋商诚信教育与信任倾向的实证考察张亚兰,张银龙,ZHANGYa-lan,ZHANGYin-long

7.通识教育的实践困境及路径选择侯铁虎,杨志勇,HOUTie-hu,YANGZhi-yong

8.建国以来教育管理学的学科建设和人才培养何华宇,HEHua-yu

9.会计本科生毕业实习存在的问题与对策吴秋生,杨瑞平,WUQiu-sheng,YANGRui-ping

10.开设会计案例教学专题的构想张皓,ZHANGHao

11.从市场营销的发展看宏观营销学的演进费鸿萍,王嘉慧,FEIHong-ping,WANGJia-hui

12.人力资源管理专业主干课程体系建设的思考陈俊梁,陈瑜,CHENJun-liang,CHENYu

13.口译课学生错误分析及口译教学定位李红宇,LIHong-yu

英语毕业论文【第三篇】

关键词:信守内容意旨;遵从译语习惯;切合语体语域

Abstract:Transmigration,anabstractwholeatlarge,istoogoodtobepracticalandsuchconcretesubwholesunder“goodtranslation”asfidelitytothesource-languagetextincontentandintention,grammaticalnormality,andlexicalappropriatenessaremoreworkableascardinalprinciplesoftranslation.

Keywords:fidelity;grammaticalnormality;lexicalappropriateness

翻译是把一种语言文字所表达的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来,具体说来,就是“换易言语使相解也”。①但是,如何用另一种语言文字把一种语言文字所表达的意义表达出来?“换易言语”之后是否能“相解”?“相解”的程度如何?这些问题归结起来无疑就是:翻译的标准是什么?翻译的方法应如何?

严复是中国近代第一位系统介绍西方学术的启蒙思想家,在介绍西学的同时提出了翻译的标准—“信、达、雅”,对中国现代的翻译实践和理论研究影响巨大,“相信只要中国还有翻译,总还会有人念‘三字经’!”②

虽然严复持论有故,但认真审视不难发现,“信、达、雅”实质上既不是具有高度概括力的抽象标准,也不是具有切实指导性的具体标准,“从纯理论的角度讲,把信、达、雅并列起来作为翻译标准是具有逻辑缺陷的,因为这似乎意味着:原文不达,也可以故意使之‘达’;原文不雅,也可以故意使之‘雅’。那么,这样和‘信’字,岂不自相矛盾?”③

《论语·雍也》说“质胜文则野,文胜质则史”,意谓朴实的内容多于文采就未免粗野,文采多于朴实的内容又未免虚浮。孔子提倡“文质彬彬”,反对浮华的辞藻,所以说“辞达而已矣”—言辞足以达意就可以了。《尔雅》序题下疏说:“尔,近也;雅,正也。言可近而取正也。”《论语·述而》说“子所雅言,《诗》、《书》、执礼,皆雅言也”,其中的“雅言”是指区别于各地方言的“诸夏的话”—标准语,相当于现在所说的“普通话”。但是,严复的“雅”指的不是“利俗文字”—大众的语言,而是“汉以前字法句法”。为了掩盖“达”的矛盾,严复在“畅达”(如“顾信矣不达,虽译犹不译也,则达尚焉”)和“表达”(如“题曰达旨,不云笔译”)之间周旋,取便发挥,借“辞达而已”求“信”—“为达即所以为信也”,借“言之无文,行之不远”求“雅”—“信达之外,求其尔雅”。不难看出,严复的逻辑是:要“信”则必须“达”,要“达”则必须“雅”,换言之,“雅”是“达”的条件,“达”是“信”的条件,“为达”最终成了“求雅”的借口:“用汉以前字法句法,则为达易;用利俗文字则求达难。”

与“并世译才”的林纾相比,严复所译的书总共不过八九种,而在其所译的这八九种书中,只有《群学肄言》、《原富》、《群己权界论》和《社会通诠》四种“略近直译,少可讥议”,④此前“题曰达旨,不云笔译,取便发挥,实非正法”,⑤此后“中间义忄旨,则承用原书;而所引喻设譬,则多用己意更易。盖吾之为书,取足喻人而已,谨合原文与否,所不论也”。⑥严复虽然提出“信、达、雅”,但他本人并未完全履行。

严复是在译介西学的时候提出“信、达、雅”的,因此“信、达、雅”作为翻译的标准完备与否,必须结合当时特定的历史背景来审视,不能简而单之地就事论事,从而忽视严复“辛苦辶多译之本心”。

严复“窃以谓文辞者,载理想之羽翼”。⑦于是,从“达”来看,洋务派和传教士翻译的书“不合师授次第”,“不合政学纲要”,有悖“中学为体,西学为用”的目的,因而“非命脉之所在”。相比之下,“新西学”的命脉之所在则是“维新”,即运用进化论、天赋人权来反对天命论、君权神授论,用自然科学、机械唯物论来论证无神论,从而“开民智,强国基”。正是“于自强保种之事”,严复才“反复三致意焉”。从根本上说,严复的“辛苦辶多译之本心”是“取便发挥”,其所谓“达旨”是“旨”在“达”资产阶级民主主义理论的“民权平等之说”、“资本主义上升时期的自由主义与功利主义学说和自然科学及其方法论。

从“雅“来看,严复以“雅言”来“达旨”是“夫固有所不得已也”,因为当时的白话远未成熟,饱读先秦诗书,受古文的熏陶而成积习,摇头晃脑地读起古书来连平仄也都留心的老夫子大抵不常接触“利俗文字”,对“利俗文字”的运用不像对古文的运用得心应手,但又要翻译,不得已就只能在“利俗文字”和“古文”之中择取后者了,不仅翻译的时候,甚至在日常写作中,大概也会觉得用“用汉以前字法句法,则为达易”。更重要的是,作为复古的维新改良派,严复的翻译所针对的读者是操“雅言”的士大夫阶层,为了使他们能够看自己所译的书,最好的办法莫过于先用“雅言”来吸引他们,借“雅”以破启锢闭,从而使顽固保守的士大夫阶层乐于接受西方学理,正如严复在其《与梁任公论所译〈原富〉书》中所言:“吾译正以待多读中国古书之人”,“若徒为近俗之辞,以便市井乡僻之学,此于文界,乃所谓凌迟,非革命也。”一语道破天机!严复的“雅”诚可谓用心良苦:从表达形式入手,使士大夫们认为“足与周秦诸子相上下”而最终“倾倒”。当然,严复毕竟是带有复古思想的维新改良主义者,后来又沦为保守派,不懂得“利俗文字”是历史的必然,更不懂得“利俗大众”是历史的推动者。

单纯从翻译标准的角度审视,“若是全盘而真实地‘信’了,把原作的思想感情,意思之最微妙的地方,连它的文字的风格、神韵都传达了出来,则不但‘顺’没有问题,就是所谓‘雅’(如果原作是‘雅’的话)也没有问题。‘信’、‘达’(顺)、‘雅’三字,实在作到一个‘信’就都有了。”⑧从这个意义上说,严复的“信、达、雅”在逻辑上确实“先天不足”。

早在光绪二十年(1894年),马建忠(1845-1900)就在其《拟设翻译书院议》中对翻译进行了深入的探讨,提出了“善译”的标准:

夫译之为事难矣,译之将奈何?其平日冥心钩考,必先将所译者与所以译者两国之文字深嗜笃好,字栉句比,以考彼此文字孳生之源,同异之故,所有相当之实义,委曲推究,务审其音声之高下,析其字句之繁简,尽其文体之变态,及其义理粗深奥折之所由然。夫如是,则一书到手,经营反复,确知其意旨之所在,而又摹写其神情,仿佛其语气,然后心悟神解,振笔而书,译成之文,适如其所译而止,而曾无毫发出入于其间,夫而后能使阅者所得之益,与观原文无异,是则为善译也已……。

在这段文字中,马建忠不仅指出了“善译”的条件—自如驾驭“所译者与所以译者两国之文字”的能力,而且指明了“善译”的过程—“一书到手,经营反复,确知其意旨之所在,而又摹写其神情,仿佛其语气”。对原文能够达到“心悟神解”的程度,翻译起来就自然能够“振笔而书”,“译成之文”就自然能够成为“善译”了—“无毫发出入于其间,夫而后能使阅者所得之益,与观原文无异。”

马建忠的“善译”,一言以蔽之,即是“信”—从内容意旨到风格效果无所不信,较诸严复的“信、达、雅”则更具高度抽象的概括力,使“直译”、“意译”和“信、达、雅”在“无毫发出入于其间……与观原文无异”中得到了统一。如果说“直译”是为了“信”而“意译”是为了“达”的话,那么,既然译者已经“确知其意旨之所在,而又摹写其神情,仿佛其语气”,并达到了“心悟神解”的程度,“信”自然就不会成为问题;既然译者已经“考彼此文孳生之源,同异之故,所有相当之实义,委曲推究”,又“审其音声之高下,析起其字句之繁简,尽其文体之变态,及其义理精深奥折之所由然”,则“达”自然也不会成为问题。同时,以译者能够“摹写其神情,仿佛其语气”为前提,原文“雅”,“译成之文”则定然不会“俗”,反之,原文“俗”,“译成之文”也定然不会“雅”。

马建忠的“善译”无疑就是翻译的最高境界,无论是奈达的“等效”,还是傅雷的“神似”,抑或钱钟书的“化境”,均未跳出“善译”的圈子。然而,在实际翻译活动中如果采用“善译”—或者“等效”、“神似”、“化境”—作为标准去衡量译文,可以断言,没有任何译文能够“达标”,因为“彻底和全部的‘化’是不可实现的理想”⑨。虽然高标准是为了严要求,但是既然“法乎其上”最终也只是“仅得其中”,那么与其取法“不可实现的理想”毋宁提出切实具体的要求作为翻译的基本原则:1)信守原文的内容意旨;2)遵从译语的语言习惯;3)切合原文的语体语域。

有人偏重“精心的再创造”,视翻译为艺术;有人偏重“一定的客观规律”,视翻译为科学。但是,不管视为艺术,还是视为科学,翻译的根本任务即在于“传真”,译者不能充当“说谎的媒婆”,⑩否则就会怨偶无数。翻译无非是用新瓶子装旧酒,虽然瓶子—语言文字类型—换了,但是酒—内容风格效果—却不能变。

翻译必须“忠实”,这是共识。但是,“忠实”什么?“忠实”的应该是原文的内容意旨和风格效果,而不是原文的语言表达形态。如果斤斤于原文的语言表达形态,译文无疑就会“异彩纷呈”,因“隔阂”而不“合格”。译文的语言表达如果连“贯通”都做不到,读者还怎么去“融会”?结果又怎么可能“与观原文无异”?语言文字类型不同,语言表达习惯也就大不相同。

吴岩出其《从所谓“翻译体”说起》中针对操汉语的译者将外语译成汉语的情况一针见血地指出了“翻译体”的实质:一些译者“一条腿走路”,“未能辩证地对待两种语言文字”,译文“是外国化了的中文”,未能“忠实地融会贯通地把原作翻译和表达出来”。叶圣陶称自己“不通一种外国语,常常看些翻译东西”,在《谈谈翻译》一文中坦言“正因为不通外国语,我才要读译本呢”,揭示出这样一个浅显的道理:“别人不懂外文,所以要请教你译;如果大家懂得,就不必劳驾了。”正是凭着“不通一种外国语”的“外行”眼光,叶圣陶才看到并指出了问题的实质。叶圣陶的核心思想是反对“死翻”。“死翻”,一言以蔽之,就是“用中国字写的外国话”。“各种语言的语言习惯都是相当稳定的”,“既然是两种语言,语法方面,修辞方面,选词造句方面,不同之处当然很多”,“同样一个意思,运用甲种语言该怎么样表达,运用乙种语言该怎么样表达”,不能“死翻”,即便“接受外来影响”,也“要以跟中国的语言习惯合得来为条件”。据叶圣陶想,“翻译家是精通两种语言的人,也就是能运用两种语言来思维,来表达的人”,反观之,“能运用两种语言来思维,来表达的人”才算是“精通两种语言的人”,“精通两种语言的人”才能成为“翻译家”。叶圣陶的意思是:“死翻”者自然成不了“翻译家”,之所以成不了“翻译家”,其根本原因就在于不精通两种语言,不能运用两种语言来思维、表达,而不精通两种语言,不能运用两种语言来思维、表达,最终结果就只能是“死翻”—“用中国字写的外国话”。

吴岩以“内行”的眼光审视“外国化了的中文”,站在“辩证地对待两种语言文字”的思想认识高度来批语“翻译体”,指出:“根据中国语言文字的特点,忠实地融会贯通地把原作翻译和表达出来”。叶圣陶以“外行”的眼光旁观“用中国字写的外国话”,立足于“精神两种语言”的基本条件来批评“死翻”,指出:“各种语言的语言习惯都是相当稳定的,咱们接受外来影响要以跟中国的语言习惯合得来为条件”。吴岩与叶圣陶二人看问题的角度不同,观点却完全一致:“根据中国语言文字的特点”并“跟中国的语言习惯合得来”。吴岩和叶圣陶所针对的是操汉语的译者将外语译成汉语的情况,主张译文要“根据中国语言文字的特点”,要“跟中国的语言习惯合得来”。若就“所译者”和“所以译者”而言,吴岩和叶圣陶的主张无非是:遵从译语的语言习惯!

英语专业毕业论文【第四篇】

prynne----resurrection

athesis

submittedtothedepartmentofenglish

of--------------------university

inpartialfulfillmentoftherequirements

forthedegreeof

bachelorofarts

by

----------------------------

class:3grade:2002

supervisedby

---------------------------

june2006

contents

chapterone:biographyofnathanie,全国公务员共同天地lhawthorne…………………………………...p1

chaptertwdepravity---theoriginofthescarletletter…………………………..p2

chapterthree:hesterprynne’sresurrection---fromsufferingandredemptiontosalvation

……………………………………………………………………………...p5

conclusion………………………………………………………………………….p10

references…………………………………………………………………………..p11

hesterprynne---resurrection

abstract:thescarletlettermakestheamericanwriternathanielhawthorneknownallaround

,’s

somuchindulgedinthereligiousdoctrinethatpeoplecanfindthereflectionofthegod

,oneismostlyimpressedby

forcedtowearascarletletter“a”,sheencountersall

kindsofsufferings,,sherealizesher

,

throughherendeavor,,sinandatoningforsin,thatisthe

purposeofthispaper.

keywords:thescarletletter.,hesterprynne,thebible,sinandatonement.

如此沉迷于宗教的教义之中,人们几乎可以发现神在他的每部作品中无处不在。读完《红字》,给人印象

最深的莫过于故事描绘的《圣经》的精神。该书主要讨论了关于罪与赎罪的问题。海丝特白兰是小说的女

主人公。本文主要研究她的一生以说明《圣经》对霍桑的影响。海丝特白兰犯了通奸罪,并被迫在胸口上

带一个大写的红色字母“a”。一开始,她遭遇了各种各样的磨难,既有来自社会的也有来自她自己精神

上的。然而,她认识到了自己的罪行并尽最大努力去赎罪,并且她并没有选择逃避责罚。最后,通过她的

努力,神原谅了她。简言之,本文的主要目的就是罪行以及赎罪。

关键字:《红字》,海丝特白兰,《圣经》,罪行以及赎罪。

chapterone:biographyofnathanielhawthorne

withthepublicationofthescarletletterin1850,nathanielhawthornebecameoneofthe

grea

timeon,peoplebegantotakegreatinterestinallaspectsofhislifeandagreatmany

translationofthescarletappearedin1950s,scholarsandreadersinthiscountryhave

shownanever-increasinginterestinhisworks.

hawthornewasbornonthefourthofjuly,1804insalem,

ancestorswerebigshotsinseventeenth-centurynewengland,whichwasunderthecontrolof

,notoriousforhisparticipationinthe

persecutionofquakers,andanotherwasajudgeatthesalemwitchcrafttrailin1692.

gradually,’sfatherwasaseacaptain,whodiedin

anac

hawthornewasquiteawareofthemisdeedsofhispuritanancestors,andthisawarenessmade

himbelievethatev,hawthornewrotesomeof

hisbooks,suchasthescarletletterandthehouseofthesevengamblestotrytomakeup

forthesinofhisancestors.

hawthorne’swritingskillscanbeconcludedasfollows:

firstly,allhislife,hawthorneseemstobeindulgedinhissenseofsinandevilinlife.

readinghisbooks,onecannotbutbeoverwhelmedbytheblackvisionwhichthesebooks

,intheshortstory,“

earth’sholocaust,”wecanfindthat,thoughallsymbolsoftraditionandthepasthave

beenburnedinthebonfireofthelifeofthenewworld,thesourceofevil---thehuman

heart,“younggoodman

brown”

minist

seemstobeman’

’soriginalsin.

secondly,tohawthorne,sinwillsurelygetpunished,

fa(本文源于文秘城:)ct,hewassaidtobealwaystroubledbythethoughtthatthedeclineofhisfamily’s

believesthat“thewrong-doingofonegenerationlivesintothesuccessiveones”(thehouse

ofthesevengambles).itisalsointerestingtonotethathawthornebelievesthatevil

hich

bringsaboutthedisaster.

inshort,totellthetruthandyetnottooffend,thatisallhawthornetriestoachievein

hisworks.

chaptertwdepravity---theoriginofthescarletletter

thestorybeginsinseventeenth-centuryboston,

woman,namedhesterprynne,issentaheadtoamericabyherhusband---anoldandugly

,formanyyears,hedoesn’,itispossiblethathehas

,hesterandayounglocalminister

becauseofhester’spregnancy,thesecretisfinallydiscovered.

accordingtothebible,:when

godcreatestheworld,

liv

serpent,thetwocannotcontroltheircuriosityandviolatesgod’sorderandeatthe

,theybecomesinful

,sindoesn’

,he/shebears

evilandhastherootofcommittingcrime.

accordingtotheprincipleoftheoriginalsin,

arethereanyotherstandardstojudgewhetherapersonissinful?theanswerispositive.

,itshouldbethegod’sstandard.

becauseaccordingtothecommoncustom,

isamixtureofvirtueandevilandtheemphasisofeveryone’sselfishdesireisquite

,someclingtowoman’scharms,someseekonlyprofits

,thecommoncustom

,twentyyearsago,tocommitadulterywasenoughto

ruinaperson’,intoday’ssociety,cohabitationbeforemarriageis

,althoughsomepeopledisplayhighermoralstandardsthanothers,they

stillcan’

ofthecommoncustom,althoughweknowthatwearenotinnocent,wewillcomfortourselves

thatwemaybeworsethansomepeople,butstillbetterthanothers.

thuswecanonlyusegod’scriteriatodecidew’s

criteriaarethetencommandmentsandthesevendeadlysins.

thetencommandments:

iamthelordyourgod,whobroughtyououtofegypt,

othergodsbeforeme.

youshallnotmakeforyourselfanidolintheformofanythinginheavenaboveoronthe

earthbeneathorinthewatersbelow.

youshallnotbowdowntothemorworshipthem;fori,thelordyourgod,amajealousgod,

punishingthechildrenforthesinofthefatherstothethirdandfourthgenerationof

thosewhohateme,butshowinglovetoathousandgenerationsofthosewholovemeandkeep

mycommandments.

youshallnotmisusethenameofthelordyourgod,forthelordwillnotholdanyone

guiltlesswhomisuseshisname.

rememberthesabbathdaybykeepingitholy.

sixdaysyoushalllabouranddoallyourwork,buttheseventhdayisasabbathtothelord

,neitheryou,noryoursonordaughter,noryour

manservantormaidservant,noryouranimals,northealienwithinyourgates.

forinsixdaysthelordmadetheheavensandtheearth,thesea,andallthatisinthem,

holy.

honouryourfatherandyourmother,sothatyoumaylivelonginthelandthelordyourgod

isgivingyou.

youshallnotmurder.

youshallnotcommitadultery.

youshallnotsteal.

youshallnotgivefalsetestimonyagainstyourneighbour.

youshallnotcovetyourneighbour''''''''swife,or

hismanservantormaidservant,hisoxordonkey,oranythingthatbelongstoyourneighbour.

(exodus2,14)

thesevendeadlysins:a)pride;b)lechery;c)envy;d)wrath;e)sloth;f)glutton

obviously,accordingtothesecriteria,

’shusband

senthertothenewworld,althoughtherewasnoloveatallbetweenthecouple,sheshouldn

’,whowasjustmissingatthat

,shecouldnotcontrolherviciousdesireandhadaloveaffairwiththe

’’sinsultto

’sbetrayal!insuchasituation,hesterprynneforgotgod’sinstructionandwas

sofromtheverydayofhercrime,hesterprynnehastobearallthesufferingsthatfollow.

doingsarehatefulinthattheynotonlydepraveourselves,butalsooffenseothersand

’sbehaviorisdisgracefulandsheislookeddownuponbyothers.

furthermore,

faultcaraccordingtotomwaltson,thenatureofsinisevil:

firstly,sinfoulspeople;sinisnotonlyaflaw,

sinwith“plague”(1king,8,38).sinfoulsgod’

makesgod“grewwearyof”thesinners(zechariah,8,11);andwhen“youwillrememberyour

conductandalltheactionsbywhichyouhavedefiledyourselves,andyouwillloathe

yourselvesforalltheevilyouhavedone”(ezekiel,20,43).apostlepaulsaidin2

corinthian,7,1that“everything…contaminatesbodyandspirit”。

secondly,sinmakesgodworry.“donotgrievetheholyspiritofgod”(ephesians,4,30).

sinisdeli’tlikesinbecausesinmakesgodbe

thirdly,’sprincipleandviolatesgod’s

decree.

fourthly,(thegreekssiegedtroyformany

,,leavingahuge

woodenhorse,,whowere

toohappytoreflectonthesituation,

thefollowingnight,thegreekscameoutandattackedtheunsuspectingandcelebrating

trojans,andfinallyconqueredtroy),whichhasaco,全国公务员共同天地mmonoutlookandterriblethingsinside.

lastly,sinnerswhodon’“thesecond

death”(revelation20,14)

(《xitongshenxue》

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