英语语法 英语语法及知识点精编5篇
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英语语法知识【第一篇】
1.名词(nouns)n.:
名词是词性的一种,也是实词的一种,是指代人、物、事、时、地、情感、概念等实体或抽象事物的词。名词可以独立成句。在短语或句子中通常可以用代词来替代。名词可以分为专有名词(Proper Nouns)和普通名词 (Common Nouns),专有名词是某个(些)人,地方,机构等专有的名称,如Beijing,China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词,如:book,sadness等。
2.代词(pronoun)pron.:
代词是代替名词的一种词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词,按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为:人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词、连接代词和不定代词九种。
3.数词(numeral)Num.:
表示“多少”和“第几”的词,叫数词。其用法相当于名词或者形容词。数词分为基数词和序数词两种。
4.形容词(adjective)adj.或a.;
很多语言中均有的主要词类中的一种。主要用来修饰名词的词,表示事物的特征。形容词用来修饰名词或代词,表示人或事物的性质、状态,和特征的程度好坏,与否。
5.副词(adverb)adv.:
是一种用来修饰动词、形容词、全句的词,说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念的词。副词是一种半虚半实的词。副词可分为:时间副词、地点副词、方式副词、程度副词、疑问副词、连接副词、关系副词、频率副词和说明性副词等。
6.动词(Verb)v.:
动词,就是用来形容或表示各类动作的词汇。基本上每个完整的句子都有一个动词,要表示第二个动作时可使用不定词、动名词、对等连接词、从属连接词或增加子句等方法连结。
英文语法讲解:动词的不定式【第二篇】
动词不定式及其短语还可以有自己的宾语、状语,虽然动词不定式在语法上没有表面上的直接主语,但它表达的意义是动作,这一动作一定由使动者发出。这一使动者我们称之为 逻辑主语,其形式如下:
(1)语态
如果动词不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者,不定式一般要用被动语态形式。如:
It's a great honour to be invited to Mary's birthday party.(不定式作主语是被动语态to be invited是被邀请)
It was impossible for lost time to be made up.(不定式作主语)
I wish to be sent to work in the country.(不定式作宾语)
Can you tell me which is the car to be repaired?(不定式作定语)
He went to the hospital to be examined.(不定式作状语)
在There be结构中,修饰主语的不定式可用被动,也可用主动。如:There are still many things to take care of (to be taken care of).但有时两种形式表达的意思不同,如:There is nothing to do now.( We have nothing to do now.) There is nothing to be done now.(We can do nothing now.)
(2)时态
1) 现在时:一般现在时表示的动词,有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生,有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。
He seems to know this.
I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again. 我希望再见到你。
2) 完成时:表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。
I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble.
He seems to have caught a cold.
3) 进行时:表示动作正在进行,与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。
He seems to be eating something.
4) 完成进行时:
She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years.
一般在情绪后加to do to do 也表将来
编辑本段疑问词+不定式结构疑问词who,what,which,when,where,whether,how后可接不定式构成不定式短语,在句中作主语、宾语、表 语等。如:
①When to leave for London has not been decided yet. (不定式在句子中做主语)
②Mr. Smith didn't know whether to leave or stay there. (不定式在句子中做宾语)
③I asked Professor Xu how to learn English well. (不定式在句子中做直接宾语)
④The question was where to get the medicine needed. (不定式在句子中表语)
以上例句中疑问词+不定式部分,均可转换为相应的从句形式。如:①When we shall leave…③…how I
could learn…
经常在这种结构中使用的动词有:consider,decide,discover,explain,find out,forget,hear,know,lea rn,observe,understand,wonder等。
语法功能一、作主语
动词不定式作主语时,句子的谓语动词常用单数,其位置有以下两种:
(1)把不定式置于句首。如:
To get there by bike will take us half an hour.
(2)用it作形式主语,把真正的主语不定式置于句后,常用于下列句式中。如:
①It+be+名词+to do
It's our duty to take good care of the old.
②It takes sb+some time+to do
How long did it take you to finish the work?
③It+be+形容词+for sb+to do
It is difficult for us to finish writing the composition in a quarter of an h
It is stupid of you to write down everything (that) the teacher says.
④It seems(appears)+形容词+to do
It seemed impossible to save money.
在句型③中,常用表示客观情况的形容词,如:difficult,easy,hard,important,impossible,necessary 等;在句型④中,常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise等 表示赞扬或批评的词。在不定式前的sb,可看作其逻辑主语。这一句式有时相当于Sb is+形容词+to do句式 ,如:It's kind of you to help me with my English.=You are kind to helpme with my English.
(3)举例
(1) It's easy (for me) to do that.我做这事太容易了
easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better;
the first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not enough
It's so nice to hear your voice.
听到你的声音真高兴。
It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.
当你不用车的时候,锁车是有必要的。
(2) It's very kind of him to help us. 他帮助我们,他真好。
Kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate(考虑周到的), silly, selfish(自私的)
例句:
It was silly of us to believe him. 我们真愚蠢,竟然相信了他。
It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不给他们任何东西,这显得太自私了。
注意:(1) 其他系动词如,look,appear等也可用于此句型
(2) 不定式作为句子成分时,动词用单数形式。
(3) 当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时,不能用It is… to…的句型
(对)To see is to believe. 眼见为实。
(错)It is to believe to see.
英语语法总结【第三篇】
于考研英语难说,在语法的构造上有其自身的特点,实际上在很大程度上就是对长、难句的理解,所以语法的学习要和长、难句的理解相互结合起来。这样我们才能做到有的放矢,各个击破考研英语中的语法难点,为顺畅解题做好铺垫。
一、 虚拟语气
虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想,而不表示客观存在的事实,所说的是一个条件,不一定是事实,或与事实相反。虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。第二点:动词的时态。考研中的虚拟语气一般会出现在阅读理解中。是阅读理解中的一个考点。
Such behavior is regarded as “all too human”,with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance.
这是个含有同位语从句的复合句。that引导的同位语从句的谓语动词由would+动词原形be构成。
参考译文:这样的行为被认为“完全是人类独有的特点”,其潜在的含义是其它动物没有这种敏锐的委屈感。
二、 省略
省略句是英语的一种习惯用法。按照语法的分析,句子应该具备的成分,有时出于修辞上的需要,在句中并不出现,这种句子叫做省略句(elliptical sentences,这种语法现象称为“省略”(ellipsis or leaving words out。其特点是:虽然省去句子语法构造所需要的组成部分,但仍能表达其完整的意义。省略形式多样,从单词、短语到分句,都可以省略,而且各有一定的衔接关系,不容臆断。省略一般出现在翻译中,在翻译的时候,一定要把省略的部分翻译出来,否则会扣分的
Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.
参考译文:如果这些问题得不到解决,研究行为的`技术手段就会继续受到排斥,解决问题的唯一方式不能也随之继续受到排斥。
分析:很明显,and with it possibly the only way to solve our problem,是一个省略句,with做状语一般表示伴随,这一个分句只有一个状语加一个名词结构,构不成一个完整的句子。实际上,与前句相同的成分才会被省略,前一句的谓语部分是:will continue to be rejected. 所以,后一分句补充完整就是:with the rejection of the technology of behavior, possibly the only way to solve our problem will continue to be rejected.
三、从句
从句不能单独成句,但它也有主语部分和谓语部分,就像一个句子一样。所不同在于,从句须由一个关联词(connective)引导。 根据引导从句为主不同大概可分为:主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句6类。前四类由于主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句及同位语从句在句子的功用相当于名词,所以通称名词性从句;定语从句功能相当于形容词,称为形容词性从句;而状语从句功能相当于副词,称为副词性从句。状语从句还可以分为条件状语从句、原因状语从句、地点状语从句和时间状语从句。在翻译的时候,它会成为一个考点,所在在做题的时候,一定要辨清它到底是什么从句,正确地翻译出来。
例如:Time was when biologists somewhat overworked the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak,or that they prey only on“worthless”species.
分析:本题中含有两个并列的同位语从句,that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on“worthless”species.两个that的内容是对前面的evidence进行补充说明或解释。
英语语法及知识点【第四篇】
一、非谓语动词
“非谓语动词”可分为动词不定式、动名词和分词。它在句子中的作用很多:除了不作谓语外,它可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语与复合宾语(主语补语或宾语补语).有些及物动词后面接不带to的不定式作复合宾语。这些动词归纳如下:一感(feel).二听(hear,listen to),三让(have,1et, make),四看(see,watCh,notice,observe).再加上help somebody(to)do something和美国英语look at somebody do somthing.还有“二让”属特殊:get somebody to do something与keep somebody doing.而有些及物动词后面接动名词(the -ing form)作宾语。这些动词归纳为一句话:Papa C makes friends.这是由如下动词的开头字母组成:permit,advise, practise,avoid,consider,mind, allow,keep,enjoy,suggest, finish,risk,imagine,escape,need,delay,stand(忍受).为了容易记住,也可以编成顺口溜:“允许完成练习,建议避免冒险,考虑延期逃跑,喜欢保持想象,需要反对忍受”。其相对应的动词依次是:permit/allow,finish,practise;
advise/suggest, avoid,risk:consider, delay, escape/miss; enjoy/appreciate, keep, imagine; need/want/require,mind. cant help/can’t stand.
二、复合句
1、学生最容易混淆的是定语从句与同位语从句的区别。
例如:A、The news that our team has won the match is true. (同位语从句)
B、The news that he told us surprised everybody here. (定语从句)
关键的区别在于连接或关系代词that:有意义的是定语,无意义的是同位。因为引导定语从句的that在从句中作主语或宾语,而引导同位语从句的`that只起到连接词的作用。
2、接着容易混淆的是引导定语从句的关系代词that与which:that之前是不定(代词)、序数(词)、(形容词)级:which之前是介词短语与逗号(非限制性).
例如:A、All that we have to do is to practise every day.
B、The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten.
C、I have lost my pen,which I like very much.
D、The house in front of which there is a garden is my home.
三、It的用法
1、It除了代替人和物以外,还可以作形式主语。而真正的主语(不定式、动名词或从句)则放于谓语或表语之后。
例如:It is nor easy to finish the work in two days.
然而有少数表语之后接动名词作真正的主语。这些表语是:无助(no help)、无用(no use)、没好处(no good);工作(hard work)、费时(a waste of time)、又危险(a danger).
例如:A、It is no use crying over spilt milk.
B、It is a waste of time waiting for him.
2、It还可以作形式宾语。通常下列动词后面可接it作形式宾语:2f2tcjm(find,feel,think,take,consider,judge, make).
例如:A、He made it clear that he was not interested in this subject.
B、I think it no use arguing with him.
3、It用于强调句式。要强调句子的某一部分(主语、宾语、状语),可以把it当作先行词。这种句子的结构是:It is(was)+被强调部分+that(who)+句子的其余部分。
例如:A、It iS Professor Lin who teaches us English—(强调主语)
B、It was in Shanghai that l saw the film.—(强调状语)
C、It was in 1990 that I worked in the factory.(同上)
但要注意与定语从句的区别。
例如:D、It was 1990 when I worked in the factory.(定语从句)
在强调句式里,我们把强调结构It is(was)…that除去,句子还很完整。如例句C.而例句D就不能。
英语语法总结【第五篇】
并列句
由并列连词连接、含有两个或更多主谓结构的句子叫并列句。
一、表示转折对比关系的并列连词
1. but 但是,可是,而,却
连接两个简单句,有时句中某些词可以省略;连接两个并列成分,可以放在一个句子的句首,后面不接逗号。
例:I hope you don't mind me asking, but where did you buy those shoes?
2. yet 但是;尽管如此
可连接两个句子,用逗号分开,也可在yet前加and,还可以放在一个句子的'句首。
例:The car is old, yet it is in good condition. 这辆车旧了,但车况很好。
3. while 而,但是,可是,却
while作连词用时,可表示对比或转折关系。
例:I do every single bit of housework while my husband Bob just does the dishes now and then.
二、表示因果关系的并列连词
1. for 因为
由并列连词for引导的分句常置于句子后部,而且常用逗号与前面的分句隔开。for分句主要是对前一分句补充说明理由或推断原因。for分句不能用来回答why问句。
例:I did my best not to show pleasure, but what I was feeling was pure happiness, for my words had the power to make people laugh.
2. so 因此
可以连接两个句子,中间有时用逗号隔开;也可在so前加and;还可以放在一个句子的句首。
例:The shop doesn't open until 11 , so it loses a lot of business.
三、表示选择关系的连词or
or连接并列成分时,意为“或者,还是”;用于否定句中,意为“也不”,这时不宜用and;还有“否则,要不然”之意,相当于otherwise。
例:Would you like a cup of coffee or shall we get down to business right away?
四、表示并列关系的并列连词
1. and 和,同,与,又,并且
例:Stand over there and you'll be able to see it better.
2. not only... but also... 不仅……而且
例:Not only I but also Jane and Mary are tired of having one examination after another.
3. neither... nor... 既不……也不
例:They worked neither for fame nor for personal gains. 他们工作一不为名,二不为利。
4. both... and... 既……又
例:A man should have both courage and wisdom. 人既要有勇气又要有智慧。
五、其他并列连词
1. not... but... 不是……而是
It was not the bones of an animal but of a human being. 这不是一只动物的骨头,而是人的骨头。
2. rather than 而不是;与其……宁愿
Rather than ride on a crowded bus, he always prefers to ride a bicycle.
3. when 正当那时,相当于and at that time
Jasmine was holidaying with her family in a wildlife park when she was bitten on the leg by a lion.