英语中主谓一致的原则3篇

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解读主谓一致1

主谓一致是英语语法的核心之一,不仅是高中英语教学及学习的重点和难点,而且还是历年高考的热点之一。由于中西方文化及思维方式的差异,针对中学生学习这一语法结构的现状,本文拟就对主谓一致的考点进行分析归纳,希望可以对同学们学习理解掌握主谓一致能有所帮助。

一、概念解读

主谓一致是指主语和谓语在“人称”和“数”上保持一致的关系。

He is going abroad.

They are playing football.

二、遵循原则

①语法一致(Grammatical concord)

主语和谓语在“人称”和“数上”一致。

②意义一致(Notional concord)

谓语动词的单复数形式取决于主语的意义。

③就近一致(Principle of proximity)

谓语动词的单复数形式取决于邻近的主语。

三、命题趋势

高考试题对这一语法项目的考点是:名词作主语时的谓语动词形式;分隔情况下,主语和谓语一致;分数、百分数、不定式、动名词作主语时的主谓一致。

四、考点精析

(一)名词作主语

1.形单意复

①集体名词army,class,committee,crowd,enemy,family,staff,team...作主语时,如强调整体谓语动词用单数,如强调个体谓语动词则用复数形式。

②集合名词cattle,folk,majority,people,police,public,youth...作主语时,为谓语动词用复数形式。

③物质名词baggage/luggage,clothing,equipment,scenery...作主语时,为谓语动词用单数形式。

2.形复意单

(1)谓语动词用单数形式

①学科名词及书报名、戏剧名等economics,maths,mathematics,physics,politics...

②专有名词(国名)

The People’s Republic of China is a great country.

③以“s”结尾的不可数名词goods,news,plastics...

(2)成双成对使用的名词chopsticks,clothes,compasses,shorts,stocks,sunglasses,trousers...谓语动词一般用复数(如果被a/this/that/pair of修饰时,则用单数)。

3.单复数同形:aircraft,Chinese,crossroad,deer,fish,headquarters,means,species,works...作主语时,应根据其意义来决定谓语形式。

(二)并列结构作主语

1.由and,both...and...连接并列主语时,其内容是复数时谓语动词一般用复数形式。

注:①当and连接的并列单数主语前若由no,each,every,many a...修饰时,谓语动词要用单数;②当and不表示并列意义时,而连接两个意义上表示同一人、同一物或同一概念以及由两个部件构成的一个物品时则用单数:bread and butter,coffee and milk,salt and water,soda and water...

2.由or,either....or...,neither...nor...,not only....but also...,not...but...连接的并列主语,谓语动词在人称和数上要与最邻近它的主语保持一致,即“就近原则”。

Neither the students nor the teacher knows anything about it.

3.主语后有主语的修饰语accompanied by,with,along with,together with,like(像),but(除了),except,besides,as much as,rather than(而不是),including, in addition to...引导的短语时,谓语动词在人称和数上要与主语保持一致,恰好与就近原则相反,为方便记忆不妨将其称为“就远原则”。如,The teacher as well as students was excited.

(三)数量概念作主语

1.当名词词组的中心词为表示度量、时间、距离、价格、金钱、重量、书刊影视名等复数名词(短语)时,往往将其视为一个整体,谓语动词用单数形式(如果强调数量,谓语动词可用复数)。

Ten dollars is enough for him.

One hundred cents make a dollars.

2.“all,a lot of (lots of ),a number of,a part of,half of,most (of),none of,plenty of,some of,the rest(of),a quantity of,varieties of,分数/百分数……+of+名词”构成的短语作主语时,谓语动词的单复数取决于of后“名词”的单复数。The first of the food is to be kept in the refrigerator.

3.由form,kind,part,sort,type等构成的短语作主语时,谓语动词的单复数取决于of前面名词的单复数。

This kind of apples is highly priced.=Apples of this kind are highly priced.

(四)不定代词作主语

1.由代词another,either,each(作sbj.时,若表示复数意义时,谓语动词要用复数形式),every one,little,much,no one,neither,the other...及合成代词anybody,anyone,anything,everything,nobody,somebody,something...作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式(若both作主语,谓语动词用复数形式)。如,Each of the students is given one chance only.

2.few,many,most,none,several,some,such,thesame...作主语时谓语动词形式由其所代替的内容决定。如,Most of my classmates work hard.

3..all,none做主语时,代表不可数名词时总是看作单数,因而谓语动词用单数;代表可数名词复数时谓语动词要用复数,None of us are/is perfect.

(五)特殊情况的主语

1.“the+adj./—ed(blind,poor,rich,unemployed,wounded以及最高级…)”结构作主语时,如表示一类可数的人或事物时,谓语动词用复数。

2.There be及其延伸句型中谓语动词使用就近原则。

There is an apple and some oranges on the table.

3.名词性从句,动名词及不定式作主语时,谓语动词通常用单数形式。

Serving the people is my great happiness.

(作者单位 云南省红河州元阳县第一中学)

主谓一致用法归纳2

(The summit of subject-verb agreement)英语中,主谓一致问题是学习中的一个难点和重点,高考也常对此设考题。新教材中多次提到这一语法现象,现结合教材与我多年的教学总结归纳如下,供高中学生参考。

一、语法形式上的主谓一致:

1、and并列两个名词、代词作主语时,谓语动词常用复数形式。

eg: Tom and Jim are good friends. 汤姆和吉姆是好朋友。

He and I are going to attend the meeting tomorrw.我和他将参加明天的会议。

2、当and连接两个并列主语指同一类事物或同一身份的人,且and后的名词前无冠词时,谓语动词用单数。

eg: The worlcer and witer is to attend our party.那个工人作家将出席我们的晚会。

Bread and milk is beautiful food.牛奶面包是有益健康的食物。

3、当两个并列主语被限定词no、every、each、manya修饰时,谓语动词用单数。

eg: No man and no animal is to be found on the moon.月球上尚未发现人类和动物。

Every student and every teacher is to take part in the discussion.每个学生和每个老师都将参加讨论。

Many a doctor and many a nurse is busy with their work.医生和护士都在忙于工作。

4、如并列主语指成双成对的物品时,谓动动词用单数。

eg: A fork and a knife is used instead of chopsticks.刀叉用来代替筷子。

5、就远原则:

当句子的主语后面跟有附加成份together with (和…一起)、with、as well as、besides、but、except、like、no less…than (和…一样)、including、as much as (和…一样)、rather than (而不是),谓语动词的数不受这些附加成份的影响,而是与主语保持一致。

eg: Mr Smith together with his wife and children has gone to America.史密斯先生带着老婆孩子去了美国。

No one but Tom and Jack was invited to the party.除了汤姆和杰克没有人被邀请参加晚会。

The teacher as much as the parents is to blame.教师和家长一样应受责备。

Eight people including 3 children were injured in the car accident.在这场车祸中有8人受伤,包括3个孩子。

6、就近原则:

①由并列连词or、either…or、nor、neither…nor、not only…but also…等连接两个并列主语时,谓语动词的数应与最近的主语保持一致。

eg: He or you are to blame.你或他都应受责备。

Not only the earth but also the planets move around the sun.不仅地球而且其它行星也围着太阳运转。

Neither the nor you are right.他不对,你也不对。

②在句型There be…、Here be…中,谓语动词的数通常与be动语仅换的主语保持一致。

eg: There is a book, some pens and a box of chalk on the desk.课桌上有一本书,几支笔还有一盒粉笔。

Tom, Here is a letter for you.汤姆,这儿有你的一封信。

二、意义上的主谓一致:

1、表示时间、价格、距离、长度、重量等复数名词作主语时,被视为一个整体,谓语动词用单数。

eg: Five years is needecl to realize the plan.实现这个计划需要五年的时间。

A million pounds is a large sum of noney.一百万英磅是一大笔钱。

Ten minutes is enongh to finish the work.完成这项十分钟就够了。

2、集体名语family、class、group、team、crew、committee、company、crowd等作主语时,若看作一个整体时,谓语动词用单数;若看作若干个个体,谓语动词用复数。

eg: My family is a happy one.我的家庭是一个幸福的家庭。

When I got home last night, my family were watching TV.昨晚我到家时,我的家人在看电视。

The class are listening to their teacher attentively.学生们正在专心地听老师讲课。

The football team are training on the meadow.足球队员们正草地的训练。

3、一些形式上是复数,意义是单数的名词。如:politics、physics、news、means、mathematics等作主语时,谓语动词用单数。

eg: Mathematics is a science.数学是一门科学。

The United Nations was founded in1945.联合国成立于1945年。

Every means has been tried.每种方法都尝试过了。

而trousers、clothes、shoes、glasses、scissors等复数名词作主语时,谓语动词用复数。但如这些名词前有限定词a pair of、a suit of修饰时,谓语动词则用单数。

eg: This kind of glasses is made of glass.这种眼镜是玻璃制成的。

My trousers are worn-out.我的裤子破了。

There are two pairs of scissors on the table.桌子上有两把剪刀。

4、一些形式上是单数,意义是复数的名词。如people cattle、police、public、mititia等作主语时,谓语动词用复数。

eg: Traffic police are always busy.交警总是很忙。

The public were invited to express their opinions.公众被邀请去发表看法。

但people作"民族"、police作"警方"解释,作主语,谓语动词用单数。

eg: The chinese people is a great people.中华民族是个伟大的民族。

The police is offering a reward to anyone who can give information about the lost cheild.警方给提供有关那个失踪男孩信息的人提供悬尝。

三、其他情况的主谓一致:

1、动名词:不定式短语,主语从句作主语时,谓语动词用单数。

eg: Constant dripping wears away stone.滴水穿石。

To learn English well is not easy.学好英语不容易。

When and where we will go has not been decided.我们什么时候去哪里尚未决定。

2、由what引导的主语从句作主语时,谓语动词的数根据其意义可用单数,也可用复数。

eg: What we need here is an engineer.我们这里所需要的是一位工程师。

What he said is true.他说的话是真的。

What the srudents need are books.学生们需要的是书。

3、all、some、most、heaf、more、part、the rest none等名词、代词作主语时,谓语动词的数要根据它们所修饰的名词或所指代的名词的数来决定。

eg: Part of the story is not true.这个故事中的一部分是不真实的。

Part of the apples are bad.一部分苹果是坏的。

Most of his time is spent travelling.他大部分时间都在旅行。

4、不定代词something、anything、nothing、somebody、anybody、everybody等作主语时,谓语动词用单数;但当either of、neither of 、each of接复数词作主语时,谓语动词用单数。

eg: Everything aroucld us is matter.我们周围的一切都是物质。

If amyone wants to ask questions, ask him to cone to my office.如果有人要问问题,请叫他到我的办公室来。

5、在定语从句中,关系代词作主语时,从句中的谓语动词的数必须和先行词保持一致。

eg: I know the girl who was praised at the meeting.我认识刚才在会上受表扬的那个女孩。

Mary is the only one of the student who was late for class this morning.玛丽是今天早上迟到的唯一的学生。

Many is one of the studnts whe were late for slars this morning.玛丽是今天早上迟到的学生之一。

6、分数、百分数修饰名语作主语时,谓语动词的数取决于分数、百分数后面的名词。

eg: Three-fifths of the earth surface is sea.地球表面三分之二的地方是海洋。

More than 80% of the stuedents are from the country side.我们学校百分之八十以上的学生来自农村。

7、定冠词the+形容词或过去分词表示一类人,如:the ald、the young、the poor、the rich、the dead、the wounded等作主语时,谓语动词用复数。

eg: The rich are not always happy.富人并不都幸福。

The wounded were taken to the hospital yesterday.昨天伤员都被送到了医院。

In the old days, the poor were oppressed by the rich.旧社会,穷八受富人压迫。

The old todays are living a happy life.现在的老人过着幸福的生活。

8、the number of +名词作主语,强调总数,谓语动词用单数;a number of +复数名词作主语时,谓语动词用复数。

eg: The number of students in our class is 70.我们班的学生总数是70人。

A number of tourists like visiting the Great wall of china.许多游客都喜欢参观长城。

英语中主谓一致的原则3

在英语子句中,主语和谓语动词之间,在“人称”和“数”方面须保持一致关系(concord),这就是“主谓一致”,又称“主―动―致”。主谓一致受以下三种原则支配,即语法一致原则(grammatical concord)、意义一致原则(notional concord)和就近原则(principle of proximity)。

一、语法一致原则

主要表现在“数”的形式上,即用作主语的名词(或名词词组的中心词)与谓语动词在单、复数形式上一致。如果主语为复数名词,谓语动词也要用复数形式;如果主语为单数名词或不可数名词,谓语动词使用单数形式。例如:Many people want to girl comes on answer is correct.

二、意义一致原则

有时,主谓一致不取决于语法上的单、复数形式,而是取决于主语的单、复数意义。如有时主语在语法形式上并非复数,但却有复数意义,这时动词就要用复数;反之,有时主语在语法形式上是复数,而在意义上为单数,那么动词也要用单数。这就是所谓的“意义一致原则”。例如:

The government have asked the country to decide by a vote. (“government”形式上并非复数,但有复数意义)Fifteen miles seems like a long walk to me. (“miles”形式上为复数,但意义为单数)就近原则。有时,谓语动词的单、复数取决于靠它最近的词的单、复数形式。这就是所谓的“就近原则”。例如:Only one out of five were present. (“were”最靠近的是“five”,故用复数形式)Neither Julia nor I am going. (“am”最靠近的是“I”,故用第一人称单数形式)

下面就主谓一致问题作初步探讨。

以-s结尾的名词作主语。按一般规则,英语可数名词的复数形式是在词尾加-s或-es,但有一些以-s结尾的名词并非可数名词。其中,有作单数用的,也有作复数用的,更有既可作单数又可作复数用的。

以-s结尾的疾病名称和游戏名称,通常作单数用。例如:

Generally measles occurs in children.

Darts is essentially a free and easy game.

但也有个别游戏名称作复数用。例如:

Cards are not allowed here.

以-ics结尾的学科名称,通常作单数用。例如:

Physics is an important subject in middle schools.

但当这些名称表示“学科”以外的意义时,便可作复数用。例如:

Athletics(体育运动)have been greatly promoted at this college.

以-s结尾的地理名称,如为国名,作单数用。例如:

The United States is a country of people with varied origins.

但表示山脉、群岛等地理名称时,常作复数用。例如:

The Himalayas have a magnificent variety of plant and animal life.

其他还有一些以-s结尾的名词,如一些由两部分组成的名词,当其单独使用(即不带“一条”“一把”等单位词)时,通常作复数。例如:

Joe’s new trousers are black and white.

如带有单位词,则取决于单位词的单、复数。例如:

One pair of scissors isn’t enough.

英语中还有一些通常作复数的以-s结尾的名词,如arms,clothes,stairs等,其中少数作单、复数均可,如dramatics。

以-ings结尾的名词,通常作复数,如earnings,surroundings等,但也有例外,既可作复数,也可作单数,如tidings。

还有一些以-s结尾的名词单、复数同形,如means,series等。其中少数单、复数意义不同,如odds。

以集体名词(collective noun)作主语时,主谓一致问题在于对“语法一致”和“意义一致”两者的选择。有些集体名词通常作复数,如police,people等;有些通常作不可数名词,如equipment,furniture等;有些既可作单数也可作复数,如class,family等。如主语由“a committee of/a panel of/a(the)board of+ 复数名词”构成,动词常用复数。

以并列结构作主语时,其本身意义的单、复数决定动词形式的单复数。由or/nor/either...or等连接的主语,动词按“就近原则”选用。

以wh-引导的名词性分句作主语时,动词常用单数,例如:

What caused the accident is a complete mystery.

以非限定分句作主语时,动词常用单数,例如:

Increasing their wages has raised the crew’s morale.

在关系分句中,谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于关系代词先行项(antecedent)。在“one of+复数名词+关系分句”结构中,动词用复数形式。如结构前有“the one”或“the only one”等时,动词用单数。

总之,在协调句子中主谓一致时,必须遵循上述三种原则,但同时也要关注那些例外的情况,这样便能做到处理得当。

参考文献

张振邦。新编英语语法教程。上海外语教育出版社,1983.

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