动名词的用法详解【范例4篇】

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动名词和不定式作主语的比较【第一篇】

在中学英语课本中,动名词和不定式作主语的句子较为常见,但它们的含义有所不同。现在将动名词和不定型式作主语的含义、位置及习惯用法分述如下:

一、动名词和不定式作主语的含义

一般来说,动名词作主语表示一种抽象的和泛指的动作,而不定式作主语则表示一次性的、具体的动作。换句话说,动名词作主语通常不与特定的动作执行者联系在一起,而不定式作主语往往与特定的动作执行者联系在一起。例如:

Lying is wrong.(泛指lying的做法或作风)

To lie is wrong.(对于说谎者是谁,说话人心中是有所指的)

To live in Beijing is the height of Tom’s ambition.(对某个特定的动作执行者而言)

Swimming is good exercise.(指游泳这项运动)

二、动名词和不定式作主语的位置

1.动名词作主语通常有两种位置,一种是把动名词直接置于主语的位置。例如:

Saying is easier than doing.

Seeing is believing.

Crossing the Atlantis(大西洋)by plane takes only a few hours.

第二种是用it作形式主语,把作真正主语的动名词置于句末。这通常用于某些形容词或名词之后。例如:

It’s interesting planning a holiday.

It’s rather tiring walking around in a city.

It’s fun having guests for the weekend.

We don’t think it’s a bore doing the same kind of work every day.

动名词作主语的上述两种位置有时可以互换,但第一种形式比第二种形式的泛指意义更强些。例如:

Lining in Beijing must be wonderful

It must be wonderful living in Beijing

2.不定式作主语通常也有两种位置,与动名词作主语时的位置相同,即第一种是把不定式作直接置于句首担任主语。例如:

To learn English is not an easy thing.

To be here is a great pleasure.

To remember to cut off the electricity is important.

To hesitate is a pity.

不定式作主语的这种形式一般用得不多。现代英语倾向于用it作形式主语,把不定式置于句末。例如:

It’s a pity to hesitate.

It took(us )five hours to get here.

It made me happy to find Mary there.

It needed hard work to finish the job.

注意:

(1)如果主语和表语都是不定式,则只能采用第一种形式。例如:

To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.

To see is to believe.

(2)如果是疑问句或感叹句,则只能采用第二种形式。例如:

What is it like to be there?

How long did it take you to finish the work?

What a joy it was to read Barbara’s book!

三、动名词和不定式作主语的习惯用法

虽然动名词和不定式都可以作主语,但以下几种情况时,人们习惯用动名词,而不用不定式。

1.主语与表语一致,即当表语是动名词时,主语也要用动名词;当表语是不定式时,主语也要用不定式。

Teaching is learning.(= To teach is to learn)

Seeing is believing

2.在“There BE+no+主语”这种结构中,通常用动名词作主语,而不用不定式。这种结构表示“不可能、无法”,相当于“It is impossible to do sth”。例如:

There is no getting along with him.(=It is impossible to get along with him.)

There is no joking about it.

注意:本句型中的no有时可用not any或never any代替。例如:

The man is a bore,but there is not any getting him away.

There is never any telling what will happen in the future.

3.当use,good,waste,bore,fun,shame,encouragement,misery等名词作表语时,通常用it作形式主语,把作为真正主语的动名词后置。例如:

It’s no use talking to him again.

It’s no good(your)refusing to do it.

It is a waste of time trying to reason with him.

It’s a bore doing the same kind of work every day.

It’s fun having guests for the weekend.

It’s such an encouragement being able to pass all the exams.

注意:“It’s no use /good+动名词”这种结构可改成“There BE+no+use /good+动名词”结构。例如:

It’s no use talking to him again .= There is no use talking to him again.

It’s no good(your)refusing to do it .= There is no good(your)refusing to do it.

4.当,interesting,tiring,terrible,nice,better,foolish,enjoyable,worthwhile,useless,dangerous等形容词作表语时,通常也用it作形式主语,把作为真正主语的动名词后置,例如:

It is dangerous risking climbing a tree.

It’s terrible not being allowed to smoke at all.

It’s interesting planning a holiday.

It’s nice talking with you,John.

注意:important,necessary,possible,impossible,essential等形容词不适用于上述结构。例如,不能说:

It’s important learning foreign languages.

应改为:It’s important to learn foreign languages.

5.在疑问句中,多用动名词的复合结构做主语,而不用不定式的复合结构。例如:

Isn’t our saying so right?

Isn’t his leaving like that strange?

动词不定式作主语【第二篇】

作者:李守锡

有“鬼精灵”之称的动词不定式,用作宾语、宾补时特别多,其次是定语、状语、表语,这些已飨读者了。今天就让不定式头版头条了却这最后一桩心愿。

一、不定式等非谓语形式作主语时,谓语动词一路走来都是单数身份;不少作主语的不定式与动名词在意义上相同。如:

To see is to believe. = Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。

二、口语中,当作主语的不定式过长时,it不惜屈居有名无实的形式主语,常为平衡关系而挺身而出、替主出征,“真主角”反无官一身轻,悠哉断后。如:

To learn a foreign language well is not easy.→ It's not easy to learn a foreign language well. 要把一门外语学好不容易。

To play football is very interesting. → It's very interesting to play football. 踢足球很有趣。

留言提醒:在实际操作中,不定式(短语)还有权“招聘”一个逻辑主语,并由of / for出面“料理”--It's + adj. + for / of sb. + to do sth.,下例中的“for me”即是:

It's hard for me to finish the task in such a short time. 对我而言,要在如此短的时间里完成任务是困难的。

聘of还是for?点击作表语的形容词属性可知:若形容词描述的是人的特征与品行,能修饰人(像kind, nice, good, clever, right, polite, careless等),则“of适宜”;如果形容的是事物的特点或外观等(如easy,hard / difficult, safe, interesting, important,necessary之类),则“for主动上”!下例“正误”可略见一斑:

出席这个会议对你来说很重要。

[误] It's very important of you to attend the meeting.

[正] It's very important for you to attend the meeting.

留言提醒:检验形容词描绘的是不是人的特征与品行、能否修饰人--“sb. be adj.”可助上一臂之力。

三、一个都不能少:还有几种耳熟能详的“不定式作主语”句式。如:

1. It takes / took / will take (sb.) some time to do sth.如:

It takes (us) hours to do our homework every day. 我们每天要花上数小时做家庭作业。

2. It's + n. + to do sth.如:

It's a mistake for us not to help him. 我们不帮他是个错误。

留言提醒:要对不定式否定,暗号照旧--not在不定式前面加!

3. It cost / costs sb. some time / money to do sth. 如:

It cost me ten yuan to buy this bag. 我花了十元钱买这个书包。

四、时代流行风--主语也能由疑问词how / what / when / where / which等携手与不定式“联袂出演”。如:

Where to put the bikes is being discussed. 把自行车放哪儿正在讨论当中。

When and where to have the meeting hasn't been known. 什么时候、什么地方开会还是未知数。

名词可数与不可数的“相对论”【第三篇】

所谓可数与不可数的“相对论”,即是指一个名词是可数还是不可数关键在于它所表达的意义,而意义又随语境的不同而改变,因而名词的可数性是与它所使用的上下文语境密切相关的。同样一个名词,会因为在不同的语境中含义不同而导致它的可数性不同,因而不能孤立地来看待名词的可数性。这是有关名词可数性的重要理念。简言之,名词的可数性重在意义而不是形式,与使用的语境有关,意义和语境的不同会导致名词的可数性不同,这就是名词可数性的“相对论”。为了让读者能够深刻地理解这个名词可数性的理念,笔者这里给大家看下面这篇短文。短文是有关食物营养方面的,请读者关注其中food的单复数及其含义的变化:

1

Eating for Energy

Do you know anything about this food pyramid? What does it show?

Many professional sports teams have recently added a new member to their organization—a nutritionist. That's because athletes have become aware that food affects performance. You don't have to be an athlete to notice this effect. If you've ever skipped breakfast and then tried to clean the house, you know that you need food for energy. Here are some tips about eating to increase your physical performance:

Eat enough food. Your body needs a certain number of calories each day. If you're too thin, you'll often feel tired and you'll be more likely to get sick.

Read the labels on food products. This information will tell you how nutritious the foods are.

Avoid eating foods that are high in simple carbohydrates, that is, sugars. A chocolate bar will first give you energy, but then it will leave you feeling even more tired.

Eat a balanced diet, one that includes complex carbohydrates, protein, and fat. Use the food pyramid to help you decide how much to eat of each type of food. Complex carbohydrates provide the body with “fuel”。 They are found in fruits and vegetables, and in bread, rice, pasta, and other foods made from grains. The body uses protein to build muscles, and it uses fat to absorb the vitamins in food. Protein and fat are found in foods like milk, cheese, meat, fish, and eggs. Too much fat, however, can be harmful.

精品译文

科学饮食,摄取能量

你了解食物金字塔吗?它有什么内容?

很多专业的运动队现在都已增添了一名新成员——营养师,那是因为运动员们已经意识到饮食会影响他们的运动成绩。作为一名普通的读者,你不必非得是运动员才能感受到这样的影响。比如,若是你某天没有吃早饭就开始打扫房间,你就会知道你需要吃东西以增加体力。下面的一些小贴士告诉你该如何科学地饮食来增强体力:

饮食要足量。你的身体每天都需要一定的热量。如果你太纤瘦,你就会常常感觉疲倦,因而更易生病。

仔细阅读食品标签。因为它会告诉你该食品的营养成分。

不要吃那些富含单糖类的食物,也就是各种甜食。比如吃巧克力,刚开始会增加你的能量,但是过后它会让你感觉更疲倦。

均衡饮食。饮食中要包括多糖类食物、蛋白质和脂肪。可以利用食物金字塔来帮助自己决定每样食物该吃多少。多糖能够提供给人体“燃料”,它们富含在水果、蔬菜、面包、米饭、面食以及其他谷物类食物中。我们人体要利用蛋白质生长肌肉,利用脂肪来帮助吸收食物中的维生素。蛋白质和脂肪常见于牛奶、奶酪、肉类、鱼类以及蛋类等食物中。不过要注意,太多的脂肪也会有害。

以上这篇短文中共有12处food,读者也看到了,其中有food和foods两种变化。这也就意味着其中的food有时作为不可数名词,有时作为可数名词,因而有了复数的foods。我们现在来详细分析比较这12处food的含义和可数性。

1) Do you know anything about this food pyramid?

妙语点睛

这里的food作定语,修饰pyramid,是表示“食物”这个总称的、抽象的概念,而不是表示不同种类的、具体的食物,因而作为不可数名词。

2) That's because athletes have become aware that food affects performance.

妙语点睛

这里的food是表示“食物”这个总称的、抽象的概念,而不是表示不同种类的、具体的食物,因而作为不可数名词。

3) If you've ever skipped breakfast and then tried to clean the house, you know that you need food for energy.

妙语点睛

这里的food是表示“食物”这个总称的、抽象的概念,而不是表示不同种类的、具体的食物,因而作为不可数名词。

4) Eat enough food.

妙语点睛

这里的food是表示“食物”这个总称的、抽象的概念,而不是表示不同种类的、具体的食物,因而作为不可数名词。

5) Read the labels on food products. This information will tell you how nutritious the foods are.

妙语点睛

这里的第一个food作定语,修饰products,是表示“食物”这个总称的、抽象的概念,而不是表示不同种类的、具体的食物,因而作为不可数名词。第二个foods则是指代上文中的food products,表示“各种食品”,这种指代关系我们可以从foods前面的定冠词the看出来(the修饰一个复数名词时必然表示特指,即上文出现过的内容),所以我们在上面的译文中把the foods译成了“该食品”,以示指代food products。在这样的上下文语境中,这里的food转化为一个可数名词,因而要添加-s变为复数。

6) Avoid eating foods that are high in simple carbohydrates, that is, sugars. A chocolate bar will first give you energy, but then it will leave you feeling even more tired.

妙语点睛

这里的food不是表示“食物”这个总称的、抽象的概念,而是表示不同种类的、具体的食物,这一点可以从下文的sugars这个复数名词看出来。我们知道,sugar若是作为“糖”这种物质来理解的话,应该是一个不可数名词,属于上述第二组Group B里的名词,但在这里是表示“各种糖类食物”,因此我们在上面的译文中把sugars译成了“各种甜食”(所以下文中出现了a chocolate bar这样甜食的例子),因而也转化为可数名词。在这样的上下文语境中,为了配合sugars,这里的foods也转化成了一个复数名词,表示“不同的食物”。

7) Use the food pyramid to help you decide how much to eat of each type of food.

妙语点睛

这里的第一个food作定语,修饰pyramid,是表示“食物”这个总称的、抽象的概念,而不是表示不同种类的、具体的食物,因而作为不可数名词。第二个food也是表示“食物”这个总称的、抽象的概念,然后通过each type of这个短语来表示食物的种类。

8) They are found in fruits and vegetables, and in bread, rice, pasta, and other foods made from grains.

妙语点睛

这里的food不是表示“食物”这个总称的、抽象的概念,而是表示不同种类的、具体的食物,这些具体的食物包括上文提到的fruits, vegetables, bread, rice和pasta。在这样的上下文语境中,这里的food转化为一个可数名词,因而要添加-s变为复数。

9) The body uses protein to build muscles, and it uses fat to absorb the vitamins in food.

妙语点睛

这里的food是表示“食物”这个总称的概念,泛指任何食物,因而是不可数名词。

10) Protein and fat are found in foods like milk, cheese, meat, fish, and eggs.

妙语点睛

这里的food不是表示“食物”这个总称的、抽象的概念,而是表示不同种类的、具体的食物,这些具体的食物就是下文提到的milk, cheese, meat, fish和eggs。在这样的上下文语境中,这里的food转化为一个可数名词,因而要添加-s变为复数。

从以上的详细分析中,读者应该看到了,food所使用的上下文语境对其含义及可数性有重要影响。比如,在Protein and fat are found in foods like milk, cheese, meat, fish, and eggs. 这个句子里,因为有like milk, cheese, meat, fish, and eggs这样的下文,而使得原本不可数的food转化成了可数名词(foods)。

1.四级英语语法名词用法详解25: 名词difficulty的三个重要搭配

不定式和动名词做主语的区别【第四篇】

动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作;而不定式作主语表示具体动作。

Smoking is prohibited here.这里禁止抽烟。(抽象)

It is not very good for you to smoke so much.你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。(具体)

动名词作主语时,通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的`事或目的。

Climbing mountains is interesting.爬山很有趣。(经验)

Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring.在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。(经验)

To finish the task will take a long time. 要完成这项任务将要花费很长时间。(具体)

不定式做主语,一般用it当形式主语,把作主语的不定式短语后置。

It took me only five minutes to finish the job.

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